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荷姆兹海峡封锁还不够!沙国石油生命线遇袭停摆 全球油市再失安全阀

2026-09-18 22:48:43 网络 阅读(1)

全球石油供应已因荷姆兹海峡迟迟无法恢复通航而紧绷数月,如今市场又遭遇另一项重大打击:沙国横跨阿拉伯半岛、每日输送能力达700万桶的东西输油管,9月中旬遭无人机攻击受损后关闭。

荷姆兹海峡封锁还不够!沙国石油生命线遇袭停摆 全球油市再失安全阀

这条管线原本是沙国绕过荷姆兹海峡、维持红海原油出口的关键替代路线,更一度承担全球约5%的石油供应。如今东西输油管停摆,加上叶门青年运动升高对红海航运及沙国能源设施的威胁,全球油市等于同时失去两条重要出口通道。

油价在消息传出后一度上涨,随后虽回吐部分涨幅,目前仍徘徊在每桶100美元左右。知情人士透露,国营沙乌地阿美正设法在数日内恢复约一半输送能力,并力拚在约6周内全面修复。

横跨1200公里 沙国绕开荷姆兹海峡的石油生命线

东西输油管全长约1,200公里,连接沙国东部大型油田与红海沿岸延布港,是沙国石油出口体系最重要的基础设施之一。

管线起点位于接近海平面的阿布盖格,当地设有全球最大原油处理设施,负责处理包括邻近超大型加瓦尔油田在内的原油。管线随后穿越沙漠,翻越海拔超过1,000公尺的汉志山脉,最终抵达沙国西部海岸。

东西输油管输送的原油中,约每日200万桶供沙国国内使用,主要送往红海沿岸炼油厂。其余原油则可由延布港装船出口,让沙国不必完全依赖波斯湾及荷姆兹海峡。

这条管线最初在1980年代两伊战争期间兴建,当时外界担心波斯湾航运可能遭到封锁。数十年前的风险布局,在今年荷姆兹海峡通行受阻后发挥关键作用,不仅让沙国得以继续出口原油,也能趁油价上涨之际维持出口收入。

每日470万桶救援全球油市 压低油价与通膨冲击

伊朗战争2月底爆发前,东西输油管每日输送量仅约280万桶,远低于每日700万桶的最大能力。但荷姆兹海峡油轮通行近乎停顿后,沙乌地阿美迅速将输送量拉高至接近满载。

沙国战前约90%的原油出口由波斯湾拉斯坦努拉港处理,但该港出口暂停后,沙国转而由西岸延布港发出更多油轮。由于部分原油仍须供应国内炼油厂,延布港出口无法完全补足沙国战前每日约700万桶的出口量,但6月仍一度达到每日470万桶,相当于全球石油供应的约5%。

这批原油成为全球市场的重要生命线,不仅限制油价涨幅,也降低各国经济遭受新一波能源通膨冲击的程度。因此,东西输油管停摆并非单纯影响沙国出口,而是让本已供应吃紧的全球油市,再度失去一道关键安全阀。

能源顾问公司Energy Aspects分析师Nicholas Dyer表示,管线停运期间,沙国仍能利用延布港储油槽内的原油装船,但当地库存已接近历史低点,沙国也不太可能把储油槽完全抽空。这可能进一步压缩延布港出口,沙乌地阿美目前已延后部分运往欧洲的原油交付。

延布港供应若持续吃紧,还可能波及埃及西迪克里尔港。沙国通常会把原油经由苏伊士运河运往该港,再由客户提货,延布供应中断恐导致更多船货延误或取消。

管线埋在地下仍难防攻击 11座泵站最脆弱

东西输油管长达1,200公里,要全面部署反无人机系统并不容易。美国战争研究所分析师指出,若要在整条管线沿线配置防御设备,将耗费极为庞大的资源。

管线几乎全程埋在地下约1公尺深处,可提供一定程度的空中攻击防护,但沿线11座泵站仍是最大弱点。管线在泵站处会露出地面,并透过阀门控制原油流经泵浦或绕道输送,只要其中一处受损,就可能干扰整套系统。

Vantor公布的卫星影像显示,麦地那以南一座泵站在近期攻击后出现损坏,但沙国尚未证实无人机究竟击中哪些设备。

不过,东西输油管约每隔20英里就设有阀门,可隔离受损区段并进行局部修复;受损泵站也能被绕过,只是整体输送能力可能下降。知情人士表示,沙乌地阿美正设法绕过9月受损区段,以恢复部分运能。

这也不是东西输油管首次遇袭。沙国4月曾表示,一座泵站在针对国内石油生产、炼油及石化设施的连串攻击中遭到击中,初期导致每日输送量减少约70万桶,但数日内便恢复满载。2019年,伊朗支持的叶门青年运动也曾以无人机攻击管线,造成部分泵站受损及输送暂时中断。

两面受敌 红海航线恐成下一个封锁点

沙国能源基础设施在伊朗战争初期便屡次遭到攻击。伊朗及其代理人为报复美国与以色列的打击,曾锁定沙国炼油厂及出口设施,包括向欧洲供应柴油等运输燃料的拉斯坦努拉炼油厂,也一度被迫关闭。

近期沙国更面临来自两个方向的压力:一方是叶门青年运动,另一方则是在人民动员部队旗下活动、获伊朗支持的伊拉克民兵。后者已多次向沙国石油设施发射无人机。

目前尚不清楚9月攻击东西输油管的幕后主使。叶门青年运动可以利用伊拉克民兵控制的地区展开行动,因此无法排除攻击是由伊拉克境内发动。

叶门青年运动7月曾扬言,为反制叶门首都沙那遭到包围,将封锁沙国港口。此后,该组织不仅攻击船只,也沿叶门红海沿岸推进,加强在曼德海峡附近的部署及攻击过往船舶的能力。

油轮遇袭风险已使沙国8月石油出口降至至少9年最低,原油产量也同步下滑。即使东西输油管完成修复,若曼德海峡通行持续受到叶门青年运动限制,延布港出口也未必能完全恢复。更多船货可能被迫向北经苏伊士运河运送,对亚洲买家而言,成本更高、航程也更长。

阿拉伯联合大公国、伊拉克及科威特此前主要透过油轮隐蔽穿越荷姆兹海峡出口原油。沙国因拥有东西输油管,较少依赖这种高风险方式,但如今也正寻求增加经由荷姆兹海峡出口。至于能多快弥补管线停摆造成的缺口,以及能否避免数百亿美元出口收入损失,目前仍不明朗。

沙国先前曾与美国联手打击伊拉克境内的伊朗支持民兵,但在东西输油管遇袭后,应伊拉克总理要求,沙国表示「现阶段」不会报复。王储穆罕默德.沙尔曼(Mohammed bin Salman)已向美国总统川普及英国首相Andy Burnham寻求军事援助,但两人均未表明愿意直接介入。

沙国如今面临艰难抉择:重新升高一场多年来始终未能击败叶门青年运动的军事行动,或容忍对方进一步掌握红海航线的影响力。而当荷姆兹海峡与曼德海峡两大石油要道同时遭受威胁,这项选择牵动的已不只是沙国,而是全球能源供应与通膨前景。

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  "article": {
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    "title": "荷姆兹海峡封锁还不够!沙国石油生命线遇袭停摆 全球油市再失安全阀",
    "shortTitle": "荷姆兹海峡封锁还不够!沙国石油生命线遇袭停摆 全球油市再失安",
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    "description": "沙国东西输油管9月中旬遭无人机攻击受损后关闭,每日最大输送能力700万桶,阿美拟数日内恢复一半、约6周全面修复。
这条1,200公里管线是沙国绕过荷姆兹海峡的关键替代路线,原可支撑红海出口与约全球5%石油供应。
管线停摆加上叶门青年运动威胁红海航运,沙国8月出口降至至少9年低点。",
    "img": "https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6610385/l/98d11dfb97ee9f0bcb4befab87a87995.jpg",
    "content": "<p>全球石油供应已因荷姆兹海峡迟迟无法恢复通航而紧绷数月,如今市场又遭遇另一项重大打击:沙国横跨阿拉伯半岛、每日输送能力达700万桶的东西输油管,9月中旬遭无人机攻击受损后关闭。</p>\n<p style=\"text-align:center;\"><img src=\"https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/news/6610385/l/98d11dfb97ee9f0bcb4befab87a87995.jpg\" alt=\"荷姆兹海峡封锁还不够!沙国石油生命线遇袭停摆 全球油市再失安全阀\" style=\"width:50%;height:auto;border-radius:6px;margin:15px auto;display:block;\"></p>\n\n\n<p>这条管线原本是沙国绕过荷姆兹海峡、维持红海原油出口的关键替代路线,更一度承担全球约5%的石油供应。如今东西输油管停摆,加上叶门青年运动升高对红海航运及沙国能源设施的威胁,全球油市等于同时失去两条重要出口通道。</p>\n\n<p>油价在消息传出后一度上涨,随后虽回吐部分涨幅,目前仍徘徊在每桶100美元左右。知情人士透露,国营沙乌地阿美正设法在数日内恢复约一半输送能力,并力拚在约6周内全面修复。</p>\n\n<h6>横跨1200公里 沙国绕开荷姆兹海峡的石油生命线</h6>\n\n<p>东西输油管全长约1,200公里,连接沙国东部大型油田与红海沿岸延布港,是沙国石油出口体系最重要的基础设施之一。</p>\n\n<p>管线起点位于接近海平面的阿布盖格,当地设有全球最大原油处理设施,负责处理包括邻近超大型加瓦尔油田在内的原油。管线随后穿越沙漠,翻越海拔超过1,000公尺的汉志山脉,最终抵达沙国西部海岸。</p>\n\n<p>东西输油管输送的原油中,约每日200万桶供沙国国内使用,主要送往红海沿岸炼油厂。其余原油则可由延布港装船出口,让沙国不必完全依赖波斯湾及荷姆兹海峡。</p>\n\n<p>这条管线最初在1980年代两伊战争期间兴建,当时外界担心波斯湾航运可能遭到封锁。数十年前的风险布局,在今年荷姆兹海峡通行受阻后发挥关键作用,不仅让沙国得以继续出口原油,也能趁油价上涨之际维持出口收入。</p>\n\n<h6>每日470万桶救援全球油市 压低油价与通膨冲击</h6>\n\n<p>伊朗战争2月底爆发前,东西输油管每日输送量仅约280万桶,远低于每日700万桶的最大能力。但荷姆兹海峡油轮通行近乎停顿后,沙乌地阿美迅速将输送量拉高至接近满载。</p>\n\n<p>沙国战前约90%的原油出口由波斯湾拉斯坦努拉港处理,但该港出口暂停后,沙国转而由西岸延布港发出更多油轮。由于部分原油仍须供应国内炼油厂,延布港出口无法完全补足沙国战前每日约700万桶的出口量,但6月仍一度达到每日470万桶,相当于全球石油供应的约5%。</p>\n\n<p>这批原油成为全球市场的重要生命线,不仅限制油价涨幅,也降低各国经济遭受新一波能源通膨冲击的程度。因此,东西输油管停摆并非单纯影响沙国出口,而是让本已供应吃紧的全球油市,再度失去一道关键安全阀。</p>\n\n<p>能源顾问公司Energy Aspects分析师Nicholas Dyer表示,管线停运期间,沙国仍能利用延布港储油槽内的原油装船,但当地库存已接近历史低点,沙国也不太可能把储油槽完全抽空。这可能进一步压缩延布港出口,沙乌地阿美目前已延后部分运往欧洲的原油交付。</p>\n\n<p>延布港供应若持续吃紧,还可能波及埃及西迪克里尔港。沙国通常会把原油经由苏伊士运河运往该港,再由客户提货,延布供应中断恐导致更多船货延误或取消。</p>\n\n<h6>管线埋在地下仍难防攻击 11座泵站最脆弱</h6>\n\n<p>东西输油管长达1,200公里,要全面部署反无人机系统并不容易。美国战争研究所分析师指出,若要在整条管线沿线配置防御设备,将耗费极为庞大的资源。</p>\n\n<p>管线几乎全程埋在地下约1公尺深处,可提供一定程度的空中攻击防护,但沿线11座泵站仍是最大弱点。管线在泵站处会露出地面,并透过阀门控制原油流经泵浦或绕道输送,只要其中一处受损,就可能干扰整套系统。</p>\n\n<p>Vantor公布的卫星影像显示,麦地那以南一座泵站在近期攻击后出现损坏,但沙国尚未证实无人机究竟击中哪些设备。</p>\n\n<p>不过,东西输油管约每隔20英里就设有阀门,可隔离受损区段并进行局部修复;受损泵站也能被绕过,只是整体输送能力可能下降。知情人士表示,沙乌地阿美正设法绕过9月受损区段,以恢复部分运能。</p>\n\n<p>这也不是东西输油管首次遇袭。沙国4月曾表示,一座泵站在针对国内石油生产、炼油及石化设施的连串攻击中遭到击中,初期导致每日输送量减少约70万桶,但数日内便恢复满载。2019年,伊朗支持的叶门青年运动也曾以无人机攻击管线,造成部分泵站受损及输送暂时中断。</p>\n\n<h6>两面受敌 红海航线恐成下一个封锁点</h6>\n\n<p>沙国能源基础设施在伊朗战争初期便屡次遭到攻击。伊朗及其代理人为报复美国与以色列的打击,曾锁定沙国炼油厂及出口设施,包括向欧洲供应柴油等运输燃料的拉斯坦努拉炼油厂,也一度被迫关闭。</p>\n\n<p>近期沙国更面临来自两个方向的压力:一方是叶门青年运动,另一方则是在人民动员部队旗下活动、获伊朗支持的伊拉克民兵。后者已多次向沙国石油设施发射无人机。</p>\n\n<p>目前尚不清楚9月攻击东西输油管的幕后主使。叶门青年运动可以利用伊拉克民兵控制的地区展开行动,因此无法排除攻击是由伊拉克境内发动。</p>\n\n<p>叶门青年运动7月曾扬言,为反制叶门首都沙那遭到包围,将封锁沙国港口。此后,该组织不仅攻击船只,也沿叶门红海沿岸推进,加强在曼德海峡附近的部署及攻击过往船舶的能力。</p>\n\n<p>油轮遇袭风险已使沙国8月石油出口降至至少9年最低,原油产量也同步下滑。即使东西输油管完成修复,若曼德海峡通行持续受到叶门青年运动限制,延布港出口也未必能完全恢复。更多船货可能被迫向北经苏伊士运河运送,对亚洲买家而言,成本更高、航程也更长。</p>\n\n<p>阿拉伯联合大公国、伊拉克及科威特此前主要透过油轮隐蔽穿越荷姆兹海峡出口原油。沙国因拥有东西输油管,较少依赖这种高风险方式,但如今也正寻求增加经由荷姆兹海峡出口。至于能多快弥补管线停摆造成的缺口,以及能否避免数百亿美元出口收入损失,目前仍不明朗。</p>\n\n<p>沙国先前曾与美国联手打击伊拉克境内的伊朗支持民兵,但在东西输油管遇袭后,应伊拉克总理要求,沙国表示「现阶段」不会报复。王储穆罕默德.沙尔曼(Mohammed bin Salman)已向美国总统川普及英国首相Andy Burnham寻求军事援助,但两人均未表明愿意直接介入。</p>\n\n<p>沙国如今面临艰难抉择:重新升高一场多年来始终未能击败叶门青年运动的军事行动,或容忍对方进一步掌握红海航线的影响力。而当荷姆兹海峡与曼德海峡两大石油要道同时遭受威胁,这项选择牵动的已不只是沙国,而是全球能源供应与通膨前景。</p>\n<div class=\"related-articles seo-links\">\n  <h4>相关阅读</h4>\n  <ul>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-16541.html\" title=\"美企获利太好反被疑是泡沫!高盛喊别怕:标普500上看8700点\">美企获利太好反被疑是泡沫!高盛喊别怕:标普500上看8700点</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-16515.html\" title=\"告别30年通缩!日央行今升息1码 贝莱德看好日元与长天期日债受益\">告别30年通缩!日央行今升息1码 贝莱德看好日元与长天期日债受益</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-16525.html\" title=\"升息逼出避险潮!股票ETF连2周暴卖 资金急冻转进「收益型」与黄金资产\">升息逼出避险潮!股票ETF连2周暴卖 资金急冻转进「收益型」与黄金资产</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-16526.html\" title=\"中国限制出口3年价格飙近10倍!西方抢救镓锗供应链仍追不上\">中国限制出口3年价格飙近10倍!西方抢救镓锗供应链仍追不上</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-16481.html\" title=\"中国住建部:房地产正式迈入「存量时代」 现房销售是大势所趋\">中国住建部:房地产正式迈入「存量时代」 现房销售是大势所趋</a></li>\n    <li><a href=\"/hour/article-16482.html\" title=\"日银升息步调创36年最快却未更鹰 两张反对票透露关键变数\">日银升息步调创36年最快却未更鹰 两张反对票透露关键变数</a></li>\n  </ul>\n</div>",
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